The most commonly used method of suicide varies between countries, and is partly related to the availability of effective means.[6] Common methods include: hanging, pesticide poisoning, and firearms.[7] Suicide resulted in 842,000 deaths in 2013 up from 712,000 deaths in 1990.[8] This makes it the 10th leading cause of death worldwide.[2][9] Rates of completed suicides are generally higher in men than in women, with males three to four times more likely to kill themselves than females.[10] There are an estimated 10 to 20 million non-fatal attempted suicides every year.[11] Non-fatal suicide attempts may lead to injury and long-term disabilities. In the Western world, attempts are more common in young people and are four times more common in females than in males.Worldwide, 30% of suicides are from pesticide poisoning. The use of this method, however, varies markedly from 4% in Europe to more than 50% in the Pacific region.[101] It is also common in Latin America due to easy access within the farming populations.[6] In many countries, drug overdoses account for approximately 60% of suicides among women and 30% among men.[102] Many are unplanned and occur during an acute period of ambivalence.[6] The death rate varies by method: firearms 80-90%, drowning 65-80%, hanging 60-85%, car exhaust 40-60%, jumping 35-60%, charcoal burning 40-50%, pesticides 6-75%, and medication overdose 1.5-4%.[6] The most common attempted methods of suicide differ from the most common successful methods; Up to 85% of attempts are via drug overdose in the developed world.Suicide prevention is a term used for the collective efforts to reduce the incidence of suicide through preventative measures. Reducing access to certain methods, such as firearms or toxins can reduce risk.[6][114] Other measures include reducing access to charcoal and barriers on bridges and subway platforms.[6][115] Treatment of drug and alcohol addiction, depression, and those who have attempted suicide in the past may also be effective.[114] Some have proposed reducing access to alcohol as a preventative strategy (such as reducing the number of bars).[33] Although crisis hotlines are common there is little evidence to support or refute their effectiveness.[5][116] In young adults who have recently thought about suicide, cognitive behavioral therapy appears to improve outcomes.[117] Economic development through its ability to reduce poverty may be able to decrease suicide rates.[81] Efforts to increase social connection, especially in elderly males, may be effective.[118] The World Suicide Prevention Day is observed annually on September 10 with the support of the International Association for Suicide Prevention and the World Health Organization.
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