Death for love
Death for love
Murder is the unlawful killing of another human being without justification. It is done with malice aforethought.This state of mind may, depending upon the jurisdiction, distinguish murder from other forms of unlawful homicide, such as manslaughter. Manslaughter is a killing committed in the absence of malice, brought about by reasonable provocation, or diminished capacity. Involuntary manslaughter, where it is recognized, is a killing that lacks all but the most attenuated guilty intent (mens rea), recklessness.Most societies consider murder to be a very serious crime thus believe that the person charged should receive harsh punishments for the purposes of retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, or incapacitation. In most countries, a person convicted of murder generally faces a long-term prison sentence, possibly a life sentence where permitted. In Australia, penalties evident in the Crimes Act 1904, a person who commits murder is liable to imprisonment for life.[4] A life setence is mandatory for those who are found guilty of murdering a police officer. [5]Alternatively, those found guilty of manslaughter can be incarcerated for up to 25 years.Under state of mind (iii), an "abandoned and malignant heart", the killing must result from the defendant's conduct involving a reckless indifference to human life and a conscious disregard of an unreasonable risk of death or serious bodily injury. An example of this is a 2007 law in California where an individual could be convicted of third-degree murder if he or she kills another person while driving under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or controlled substances. In Australian jurisdictions, the unreasonable risk must amount to a foreseen probability of death (or grievous bodily harm in most states), as opposed to possibility.Under state of mind (iv), the felony-murder doctrine, the felony committed must be an inherently dangerous felony, such as burglary, arson, rape, robbery or kidnapping. Importantly, the underlying felony cannot be a lesser included offense such as assault, otherwise all criminal homicides would be murder as all are felonies.
The following absolute murder counts per-country are not comparable because they are not adjusted by each country's total population. Nonetheless, they are included here for reference, with 2010 used as the base year (they may or may not include justifiable homicide, depending on the jurisdiction). There were 52,260 murders in Brazil, consecutively elevating the record set in 2009.[70] Over half a million people were shot to death in Brazil between 1979 and 2003.[71] 33,335 murder cases were registered across India,[72] about 19,000 murders committed in Russia,[73] approximately 17,000 murders in Colombia (the murder rate was 38 per 100,000 people, in 2008 murders went down to 15,000),[74] approximately 16,000 murders in South Africa,[75] approximately 15,000 murders in the United States,[76] approximately 26,000 murders in Mexico,[77] approximately 13,000 murders in Venezuela,[78] approximately 4,000 murders in El Salvador,[79] approximately 1,400 murders in Jamaica,[80] approximately 550 murders in Canada[81] and approximately 470 murders in Trinidad and Tobago.[80] Pakistan reported 12,580 murders.In the US, murder is the leading cause of death for African American males aged 15 to 34. Between 1976 and 2008, African Americans were victims of 329,825 homicides.[88][89] In 2006, Federal Bureau of Investigation's Supplementary Homicide Report indicated that nearly half of the 14,990 murder victims were Black (7421).[90] In the year 2007 non-negligent homicides, there were 3,221 black victims and 3,587 white victims. While 2,905 of the black victims were killed by a black offender, 2,918 of the white victims were killed by white offenders. There were 566 white victims of black offenders and 245 black victims of white offenders.[91] The "white" category in the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) includes non-black Hispanics.[92] In London in 2006, 75% of the victims of gun crime and 79% of the suspects were "from the African/Caribbean community."[93] Murder demographics are affected by the improvement of trauma care, which has resulted in reduced lethality of violent assaults – thus the murder rate may not necessarily indicate the overall level of social violence.
Development of murder rates over time in different countries is often used by both supporters and opponents of capital punishment and gun control. Using properly filtered data, it is possible to make the case for or against either of these issues. For example, one could look at murder rates in the United States from 1950 to 2000,[95] and notice that those rates went up sharply shortly after a moratorium on death sentences was effectively imposed in the late 1960s. This fact has been used to argue that capital punishment serves as a deterrent and, as such, it is morally justified. Capital punishment opponents frequently counter that the United States has much higher murder rates than Canada and most European Union countries, although all those countries have abolished the death penalty. Overall, the global pattern is too complex, and on average, the influence of both these factors may not be significant and could be more social, economic, and cultural.Despite the immense improvements in forensics in the past few decades, the fraction of murders solved has decreased in the United States, from 90% in 1960 to 61% in 2007.[96] Solved murder rates in major U.S. cities varied in 2007 from 36% in Boston, Massachusetts to 76% in San Jose, California.[97] Major factors affecting the arrest rate include witness cooperation[96] and the number of people assigned to investigate the case.
The following absolute murder counts per-country are not comparable because they are not adjusted by each country's total population. Nonetheless, they are included here for reference, with 2010 used as the base year (they may or may not include justifiable homicide, depending on the jurisdiction). There were 52,260 murders in Brazil, consecutively elevating the record set in 2009.[70] Over half a million people were shot to death in Brazil between 1979 and 2003.[71] 33,335 murder cases were registered across India,[72] about 19,000 murders committed in Russia,[73] approximately 17,000 murders in Colombia (the murder rate was 38 per 100,000 people, in 2008 murders went down to 15,000),[74] approximately 16,000 murders in South Africa,[75] approximately 15,000 murders in the United States,[76] approximately 26,000 murders in Mexico,[77] approximately 13,000 murders in Venezuela,[78] approximately 4,000 murders in El Salvador,[79] approximately 1,400 murders in Jamaica,[80] approximately 550 murders in Canada[81] and approximately 470 murders in Trinidad and Tobago.[80] Pakistan reported 12,580 murders.In the US, murder is the leading cause of death for African American males aged 15 to 34. Between 1976 and 2008, African Americans were victims of 329,825 homicides.[88][89] In 2006, Federal Bureau of Investigation's Supplementary Homicide Report indicated that nearly half of the 14,990 murder victims were Black (7421).[90] In the year 2007 non-negligent homicides, there were 3,221 black victims and 3,587 white victims. While 2,905 of the black victims were killed by a black offender, 2,918 of the white victims were killed by white offenders. There were 566 white victims of black offenders and 245 black victims of white offenders.[91] The "white" category in the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) includes non-black Hispanics.[92] In London in 2006, 75% of the victims of gun crime and 79% of the suspects were "from the African/Caribbean community."[93] Murder demographics are affected by the improvement of trauma care, which has resulted in reduced lethality of violent assaults – thus the murder rate may not necessarily indicate the overall level of social violence.
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